What is a Jew?

"It is difficult to find a single definition. A Jew is one who accepts the faith of Judaism. That is the religious definition. A Jew is one who, without formal religious affiliation, regards the teachings of Judaism--its ethics, its folkways, its literature--as his own. That is the cultural definition of a Jew. A Jew is one who considers himself a Jew or is so regarded by his community. That is the "practical" definition of a Jew. Professor Mordecai Kaplan calls Judaism "a civilization." Jews share a common history, common prayer, a vast literature and, above all, a common moral and spiritual purpose. Judaism is really a way of life."

Rabbi Morris N. Kertzer, Religions in America, p. 104.

"Being biblical, Judaism is a religion of salvation--from personal insignificance and a lifestyle unworthy of God's human creation. It is the faith and practice of the Jewish people, not a message to be taken to others. Centering more in the home than in the synagogue, it makes the family the primary unit, teaching observances of the weekly sabbath and special season in the Jewish year."

Denominational Handbook, p.158

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY

Found on The Conversion to Judaism Homepage at: http://www.convert.org/differ.htm

Introduction
God
The Jewish View of Jesus
Free Will and Original Sin
Death, Heaven, and Hell

INTRODUCTION

There are many substantial and vital distinctions between Judaism and Christianity. Of course, there are many similarities as well, primarily because Christianity emerged from Judaism. However, the
emergence was not a direct line. Christianity broke from Judaism, forming a new religion, so it is
misleading, however comfortable the thought might be, to believe that the two religions are essentially
the same, or to see Christianity as the natural continuation of Judaism.

The differences between the two religions will be explored in this section. As a preface, it is useful to
repeat Judaism's central belief that the people of all religions are children of God, and therefore equal
before God. All people have God's love, mercy, and help. In particular, Judaism does not require that a
person convert to Judaism in order to achieve salvation. The only requirement for that, as understood
by Jews, is to be ethical. While Judaism accepts the worth of all people regardless of religion, it also
allows people who are not Jewish but who voluntarily wish to join the Jewish people to do so.

It is not really possible to summarize either Judaism or Christianity fairly in this section, so further study is encouraged. Also, the formal positions of Judaism on various issues should be discussed with a rabbi. The beliefs described in this section are mainstream Christian and Jewish beliefs. Individual Christian and Jewish thinkers may differ, sometimes considerably, with the positions described here. It is nonetheless useful, even with all these limitations, to consider the differences. One book that is excellent on this subject is JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY: THE DIFFERENCES, by Trude
Weiss-Rosmarin (Jonathan David, 1981).

GOD

Judaism insists on a notion of monotheism, the idea that there is one God. As Judaism understands this
idea, God cannot be made up of parts, even if those parts are mysteriously united. The Christian notion
of trinitarianism is that God is made up of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Such
a view, even if called monotheistic because the three parts are, by divine mystery, only one God, is
incompatible with the Jewish view that such a division is not possible. The Jewish revolutionary idea is
that God is one. This idea allows for God's unity and uniqueness as a creative force. Thus, for Jews,
God is the creator of all that we like and all that we don't. There is no evil force with an ability to create
equal to God's. Judaism sees Christianity's trinitarianism as a weakening of the idea of God's oneness.
Jews don't have a set group of beliefs about the nature of God; therefore, there is considerable, and
approved, debate within Judaism about God. However, all mainstream Jewish groups reject the idea of
God's having three parts. Indeed, many Jews see an attempt to divide God as a partial throwback, or
compromise with, the pagan conception of many gods.

THE JEWISH VIEW OF JESUS

To Christians, the central tenet of their religion is the belief that Jesus is the Son of God, part of the
trinity, the savior of souls who is the messiah. He is God's revelation through flesh. Jesus was, in
Christian terms, God incarnate, God in the flesh who came to Earth to absorb the sins of humans and
therefore free from sin those who accepted his divinity.

To Jews, whatever wonderful teacher and storyteller Jesus may have been, he was just a human, not
the son of God (except in the metaphorical sense in which all humans are children of God). In the
Jewish view, Jesus cannot save souls; only God can. Jesus did not, in the Jewish view, rise from the
dead.

He also did not absorb the sins of people. For Jews, sins are removed not by Jesus' atonement but by
seeking forgiveness. Jews seek forgiveness from God for sins against God and from other people (not
just God) for sins against those people. Seeking forgiveness requires a sincere sense of repenting but
also seeking directly to redress the wrong done to someone. Sins are partially removed through prayer
which replaced animal sacrifice as a way of relieving sins. They are also removed by correcting errors
against others.

Jesus, for Christians, replaced Jewish law. For traditional Jews, the commandments (mitzvot) and
Jewish law (halacha) are still binding.

Jesus is not seen as the messiah. In the Jewish view, the messiah is a human being who will usher in an
era of peace. We can tell the messiah by looking at the world and seeing if it is at peace. From the
Jewish view, this clearly did not happen when Jesus was on Earth or anytime after his death.

Jews vary about what they think of Jesus as a man. Some respect him as an ethical teacher who
accepted Jewish law, as someone who didn't even see himself as the messiah, who didn't want to start a
new religion at all. Rather, Jesus is seen by these Jews as someone who challenged the religious
authorities of his day for their practices. In this view, he meant to improve Judaism according to his own
understanding not to break with it. Whatever the Jewish response is, one point is crucial. No one who is
Jewish, no born Jew and no one who converts to Judaism, can believe in Jesus as the literal son of God
or as the messiah. For the Jewish people, there is no God but God.

FREE WILL AND ORIGINAL SIN

Judaism does not accept the notion of original sin, the idea that people are bad from birth and cannot
remove sin by themselves but need an act of grace provided by the sacrificial death of Jesus as
atonement for all of humanity's sins. For Christians, there are no other forms of salvation other than
through Jesus.

In contrast, the Jewish view is that humans are not born naturally good or naturally bad. They have both
a good and a bad inclination in them, but they have the free moral will to choose the good and this free
moral will can be more powerful than the evil inclination. Indeed, Jewish ethics requires the idea that
humans decide for themselves how to act. This is so because temptation, and with it the possibility of
sin, allows people to choose good and thus have moral merit. The Jewish view is not that humans are
helpless in the face of moral error.

DEATH, HEAVEN, AND HELL

In general, Jewish thinkers have focused on the ways to lead a good life on Earth and improve this
world, leaving concerns about death and beyond until the appropriate time. Judaism has stressed the
natural fact of death and its role in giving life meaning. Of course, issues of death are inevitably
important. The fear of death, concern about the fate of our own soul and those of our loved ones,
ethical concerns that some people die unfairly, all these and many other issues are discussed in Jewish
literature. Since God is seen as ultimately just, the seeming injustice on Earth has propelled many
traditional Jewish thinkers into seeing the afterlife as a way to reflect the ultimate justice of human
existence.

Traditional thinkers considered how individuals would be rewarded or punished after their deaths.
There are a few rare descriptions of life after death. Traditionalists gave the name Gehenna to the place where souls were punished. Many Jewish thinkers noted that since, essentially, God is filled with mercy and love, punishment is not to be considered to be eternal. There are, similarly, many varying
conceptions of paradise, such as that paradise is the place where we finally understand the true concept
of God. It is also possible that there is no separate Heaven and Hell, only lesser or greater distance
from God after death. In addition, punishment might be self-determined on the basis of suffering in kind
the suffering the person brought about. That is, Judaism doesn't have a clear sense of Heaven and Hell,
with different places in Hell for different punishments. Rather, the idea is that God uses the afterlife to
provide ultimate justice and for the wicked to seek some sort of final redemption.

Judaism does not believe people who are Gentiles will automatically go to Hell or that Jews will
automatically go to Heaven on their basis of their belonging to the faith. Rather, individual ethical
behavior is what is most important. Many traditional Jews believe that Judaism provides the best guide
to leading such an ethical life.

This is an unofficial site for learning Jewish fundamentals: http://www.jewfaq.org/toc.htm

The Web site of Reform Judiasm is: Http://www.rj.org/